月度归档： 2025 年 4 月

The long-term shortage of doctors and medicines in rural areas of China made Mao Zedong extremely dissatisfied. The long-standing unresolved problem finally made him angry in 1965. Maybe even Mao Zedong himself didn’t think that his anger changed the long-term lack of medical care and medicine in rural areas of China.

Mao Zedong made an angry "626" instruction.

In the countryside of old China, there was a shortage of doctors and medicines. Farmers can’t afford to get sick, but they just hold on. They can survive minor illnesses, and when they get seriously ill, they have to wait for death. After the founding of New China, the people’s government attached great importance to the medical and health problems of rural farmers, and took various concrete measures to solve them. However, there were very few doctors with formal training in China at that time, so it was difficult for the government to solve this historical problem overnight.

In view of this situation, Mao Zedong believes that Chinese medicine needs few instruments, is flexible and convenient to move, and is not expensive, so farmers can afford Chinese medicine. Therefore, developing Chinese medicine is beneficial to solving the problem of farmers’ difficulty in seeing a doctor. In 1958, he instructed: "China medicine is a great treasure house, which should be explored, sorted out and improved". However, it takes time to train a large number of Chinese medicine practitioners, and most of these Chinese medicine practitioners stay in urban hospitals to work, so the problem of lack of medical care and medicine in the vast rural areas has not been fundamentally solved.

The central government then turned to explore another solution-sending doctors from cities to form medical teams to the countryside to treat farmers. Mao Zedong has repeatedly instructed hospitals in cities to organize medical teams to go to the countryside to treat farmers. In order to carry out Mao Zedong’s instructions, before 1965, the state successively issued many plans, requiring hospitals at all levels to temporarily set up medical teams to go to the countryside to treat farmers. In January, 1965, Mao Zedong and the Central Committee approved the report of the Ministry of Health on organizing mobile medical teams to go to rural grass-roots units. Many medical experts responded one after another, such as Huang Jiasi, a famous expert in thoracic surgery, Zhou Huakang, a pediatrician, and Lin Qiaozhi, a gynecologist, all joined in and went deep into the countryside to be sent to the hospital. By the first half of 1965, 2800 medical students had been organized in cities all over the country to make rounds in rural areas.

However, due to the limited number of medical teams, they can only go to two or three towns every time they go to the countryside, and the medical teams can only go to the countryside lightly, so it is impossible to bring a little larger medical equipment and complete all the specialists, and it is impossible to effectively treat diseases for farmers. In addition, when the medical team goes to the countryside for a long time, hospitals at all levels have to disrupt their daily work to arrange personnel, and rural areas have to worry about arranging accommodation for the medical team. Therefore, many local medical teams have not been organized to go to the countryside for a long time, and it is still difficult for farmers to see a doctor.

In this regard, Mao Zedong is extremely dissatisfied.

Mao Zedong’s accumulated anger finally broke out on June 26th, 1965. On this day, according to the arrangement of the General Office of the Central Committee, Mao Zedong listened to the work report of Minister of Health Qian Xinzhong. After making a general report on the work of the Ministry of Health, Qian Xinzhong talked about the distribution of medical personnel and the proportion of medical funds used in the country: there are more than 1.4 million health technicians in the country, and 90% of senior medical personnel are in cities, of which 70% are in big cities, 20% are in county towns, and only 10% are in rural areas; Only 25% of medical funds are used in rural areas, while 75% are used in cities. Mao Zedong got angry when he heard this set of figures. He stood up with a serious face and said sternly: "The work of the Ministry of Health only works for 15% of the national population, and 15% of them are mainly old people. The broad masses of farmers can’t get medical treatment, no medicine, and no medicine. The Ministry of Health is not the Ministry of Health of the people, but the Ministry of Health of the city or the Ministry of Health of the city, or the Ministry of Health of the city! " "The focus of medical and health work should be placed in the countryside!" "Cultivate a large number of doctors who can afford it in rural areas, and they will serve farmers."

After Mao Zedong became angry, the Ministry of Health immediately studied ways to implement Mao Zedong’s instructions. Because Mao Zedong’s instruction in this anger was on June 26th, the Ministry of Health called Mao Zedong’s instruction on this day "the June 26th instruction".

More than a month later, Mao Zedong once again summoned Health Minister Qian Xinzhong and others to discuss the training of full-time health workers in rural areas. In this conversation, Mao Zedong focused on improving farmers’ medical conditions, and put forward the general idea of training full-time health workers in rural areas. Mao Zedong said, "The more books you read, the more stupid you become. Now that set of examination and treatment methods is not suitable for rural areas at all. The method of training doctors is also for the city, but there are more than 500 million farmers in China. " Mao Zedong went on to say: "To reform medical education, there is no need to read so many books at all … It is enough for high school graduates to study for three years, mainly to learn and improve in practice. Even if such doctors are put in rural areas, they are better than deceptive doctors and witch doctors, and they can afford it in rural areas."

Mao Zedong did not mention the word "barefoot doctor" when he gave the "June 26" instruction. But there is one of his instructions-a large number of doctors who can afford it in rural areas should treat farmers in rural areas. Mao Zedong also laid down two conditions for training such doctors: one is to graduate from high school and primary school, and the other is to study medicine for three years. These were just a basic idea of Mao Zedong at that time, and there was no complete and clear pattern in his mind. In this case, in carrying out Mao Zedong’s instructions, all localities generally follow Mao Zedong’s conditions, but the practices are different, the modes are different, and the names of rural doctors trained are different. But in any case, the work of popularizing rural medical and health care has been carried out rapidly throughout the country. On the basis of the widespread establishment of people’s hospitals in counties across the country, the state began to vigorously support qualified communes to quickly establish health centers, and at the same time, the Ministry of Health began to organize medical training for young people with some culture in rural areas.

Mao Zedong’s "June 26th" instruction gave birth to "barefoot doctors" in China.

Shanghai started medical training for young people with a little culture in rural areas earlier. The term "barefoot doctor" first appeared in Jiangzhen Commune, Chuansha County, Shanghai. It turns out that this commune began to run an accelerated medical training course in the summer of 1965, with a semester of 4 months, learning general medical knowledge and simple treatment methods for common diseases. After the students have completed their studies, they will return to the commune as health workers.

Among the first batch of students, one is Wang Guizhen, from Dagou Brigade of Jiangzhen Commune. She works very hard in her studies. Later, she herself recalled: I have never even entered the middle school, such as those chemical element symbols, what else is "greater than" and "less than" … To be honest, I really don’t understand at once. At that time, I was able to bear hardships myself and studied hard. The teacher told me to turn off the lights at 9 o’clock in the evening, and I took a small flashlight and saw it in the quilt at 12 o’clock …

Because Wang Guizhen studied hard in class, he soon mastered medical knowledge. After graduation, she was arranged to be a health worker in Jiangzhen Commune, and she was one of the first batch of health workers in the commune. At that time, there were 28 health workers in the first batch of Jiangzhen Commune. In fact, these health workers are still interns in the first-class hospitals in the commune, or nurses and paramedics. Farmers are sick, but they still have to come to commune hospitals. In other words, the health workers trained by the commune still didn’t go from village to village to treat farmers like rural doctors in the past. However, Wang Guizhen was different from others after graduation. He didn’t choose to stay in hospitals and other farmers for home treatment. Instead, he took up medicine boxes, went from village to village and even went to the fields to treat farmers. When farming is busy, she also takes part in agricultural labor.

At first, farmers didn’t believe that Wang Guizhen could cure diseases, saying that it would take several years to be a doctor, and this young girl could become a doctor after only four months? Can I see a doctor? But Wang Guizhen proved himself with practical actions. A patient has a toothache, and she wants to give the patient acupuncture. The patient dare not, for fear of pain, she pricks herself first. More and more patients were cured by Wang Guizhen, and people began to publicize her. More and more people sought her treatment, and she began to enjoy a reputation among farmers. In addition, Wang Guizhen and his companions planted more than 100 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines on a slope near the village, and set up a local pharmacy in the village. Using their limited medical knowledge, they came up with various ways to combine local culture with foreign culture, so that people around them could treat diseases with less money.

Wang Guizhen’s way of going from village to village like a village doctor in the past, even going to the fields to treat farmers and taking part in some agricultural labor during busy farming hours, did not attract the attention of the local party and government leading organs and health departments, but only publicized her deeds in the scope of learning from Lei Feng. Therefore, Wang Guizhen’s deeds were confined to the Shanghai grassroots at that time.

Associated with Wang Guizhen’s deeds, there is another person-Huang Yuxiang. Huang Yuxiang graduated from Suzhou Medical College in 1953. In the early 1960s, he and his wife, Zhang Aiping, were successively assigned to work in Jiangzhen Commune Health Center in Chuansha County, Shanghai, to treat farmers directly. In his work, he has a profound understanding of the current situation of lack of medical care and medicine in rural areas and the difficulty for farmers to see a doctor.

At that time, the conditions of Jiangzhen commune health center were extremely poor, that is, a rented private house, without high-pressure steam disinfection equipment and even pressure cooker. The most basic medical instruments such as syringes were disinfected by boiling, which were all unqualified. It is under such conditions that Huang Yuxiang still tries every means to treat farmers. While serving the local farmers seriously, he also pays attention to using what he has learned to teach local health workers medical knowledge so that more people can treat farmers. After Mao Zedong’s "June 26th Instruction" was issued, he began to actively participate in the work of training local rural health workers in Jiangzhen Commune. He also became the teacher of the first batch of rural medical students including Wang Guizhen. At the same time, he often goes to the countryside to treat diseases for farmers, which is deeply loved by farmers. Huang Yuxiang’s deeds have also been affirmed by the local party and government departments.

Wang Guizhen and Huang Yuxiang’s practice of serving the people wholeheartedly is well received by local farmers. Because of a variety of rice, local farmers usually work barefoot in paddy fields, so local farmers have long had a simple concept-"barefoot" and "labor" are the same meaning. Local farmers called Wang Guizhen a "barefoot doctor" when they saw that she often took part in some labor while seeing doctors for farmers. In fact, "barefoot doctor" means practicing medicine without leaving work. As Huang Yuxiang said, "barefoot doctors" are called by farmers themselves.

However, the deeds of both Wang Guizhen and Huang Yuxiang were only affirmed and publicized by the local government at that time, and the focus of publicity was also their spirit of serving the people wholeheartedly. As for the word "barefoot doctor", it has not yet become the focus of publicity. The deeds of Wang and Huang have not been publicized nationwide, and naturally they are not known in Mao Zedong, and the word "barefoot doctor" is not known to the people of the whole country.

The situation changed in 1968. This year, it has been nearly three years since the health departments of Chuansha County and Shanghai publicized the deeds of Wang Guizhen and Huang Yuxiang. After this period of precipitation, their deeds have stood the test, and they also have some experiences worth popularizing in a wider range. So Shanghai sent reporters to Jiangzhen, Chuansha County to investigate and interview. During the interview, well-informed and sensitive journalists realized that what Wang and Huang did was consistent with the instructions given by Mao Zedong a few years ago and the way he advocated. So instead of writing the interview results into a general report, they wrote an investigation report. During the writing process, the reporters made a careful analysis of the deeds of Wang and Huang, and at the same time repeatedly experienced Mao Zedong’s instructions on improving rural medical conditions from the 1950s to the early 1960s. They felt that the practices of Wang and Huang in Jiangzhen Commune were in line with the spirit of Mao Zedong’s instructions. Therefore, the investigation report deeply explores and explains Mao Zedong’s instructions and the deeds of Wang and Huang, which are inherently related. In writing, the reporters strive for perfection in writing, making the articles as lively as possible, and for the first time, they use the name "barefoot doctor" that local farmers call Wang and Huang, and directly use the word "barefoot doctor" unfamiliar to the whole country in the title. The title is finally "Looking at the direction of medical education revolution from the growth of" barefoot doctor ".

In the summer of 1968, Wen Wei Po, an influential Shanghai newspaper, published this survey report in an important position. After the publication of this article, it immediately attracted the attention of the propaganda department in Beijing. The investigation report was reprinted in the third issue of Red Flag magazine published in September of that year and People’s Daily published on September 14th. The article has been published in three major newspapers, which naturally aroused widespread concern. Especially in this article, for the first time, the rural health workers who are semi-medical and semi-agricultural are called "barefoot doctors", which is refreshing.

This article attracted the attention of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong carefully read this article published in the People’s Daily on September 14th, and instructed in the People’s Daily he read: "Barefoot doctors are good." At that time, Mao Zedong’s instructions were "supreme instructions". Therefore, Mao Zedong’s instructions were quickly issued and immediately translated into the actions of party and government departments at all levels. Since then, "barefoot doctor" has become a specific title for rural doctors who are half-agricultural and half-medical. More importantly, according to this idea, on the basis of people’s hospitals at county level and health centers at commune level, clinics have been set up at brigade (equivalent to the present village) level all over the country, forming a rural three-level medical system. In the first brigade

The medical staff working in the first-class clinic are all "barefoot doctors" who are "half farmers and half doctors". At the same time, health departments at all levels began to make great efforts to train a large number of "semi-agricultural and semi-medical" personnel according to the practice of Jiangzhen Commune in Chuansha County, Shanghai. At that time, it was also the climax of educated youth going to the countryside. A group of junior and senior high school students who went to the countryside, because of their higher educational level than the local peasant youth, naturally became the main body of "barefoot doctors" training who were "semi-agricultural and semi-medical". After their studies, most of them became "barefoot doctors". This situation has prompted China’sThe team of "barefoot doctors" formed rapidly in a short period of time, and the medical situation in rural areas changed rapidly. The "semi-agricultural and semi-medical" groups active in the vast rural areas have indeed been welcomed by the majority of farmers. Farmers have a headache and brain fever, so they don’t have to go to commune or county to treat it, and the general injuries suffered in labor can be treated in time. Moreover, farmers see a doctor in the brigade clinic or commune health center, and the medical expenses mainly come from the funds accumulated by the commune and brigade. Apart from deducting a small amount of work, members basically don’t spend any money, and some places don’t even charge a registration fee of 5 cents. How can this not be sincerely supported and welcomed by the majority of farmers?

In the mid-1970s, "barefoot doctors" diagnosed and treated diseases for herdsmen.

"Barefoot doctor" gave birth to the cooperative medical system of rural brigade

With the formation of the scale of "barefoot doctors", the rural cooperative medical system was established at that time. The rural cooperative medical system was invented by a barefoot doctor named Qin Xiangguan in Hubei Province. At that time, he was a doctor in the health center of Paradise Commune. Through in-depth investigation of various production teams, drawing on the experience of the Party leading farmers to organize credit cooperatives to get rid of the exploitation of usury and supply and marketing cooperatives to get rid of the exploitation of profiteers, and taking into account the idea of organizing farmers to run cooperative medical care and relying on collective strength to fight diseases, he came up with the Draft on the Trial Implementation of Farmers’ Cooperative Medical Treatment by Dujiacun Brigade of Paradise Commune. This draft has been affirmed and supported by the brigade and commune. In order to turn Qin Xiangguan’s draft into reality, Paradise Commune strongly supported Dujia Village Brigade to run the clinic.

On August 10th, 1966, this clinic in Tujia Village, Changyang, western Hubei was put on the market. The specific measures of this cooperative medical system are: each farmer pays 1 yuan’s cooperative medical expenses every year, and the village draws an average of 50 cents from the collective public welfare fund as the cooperative medical fund. Except for a few chronic diseases who need to take medicine all the year round, the masses only pay a registration fee of 5 cents every time they see a doctor, so taking medicine is free.

At the same time, under the drive of Qin Xiangguan, all the staff in the clinic set out to collect effective earthwork to treat farmers. Their practice was later summarized as "three soils", namely, local medicine, local medicine and local pharmacy. They also planted, collected and made Chinese herbal medicines themselves to treat local farmers. This practice was later summarized as "four selves", that is, self-planting, self-harvesting, self-control and self-use. At the same time, they took the initiative to investigate the situation of sick people among farmers, striving to achieve: early treatment of diseases, early prevention of diseases, "not much money, convenient treatment; A minor illness does not leave the team, and a serious illness does not leave the club. " The Hubei Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China publicized and promoted Qin Xiangguan’s deeds and the cooperative medical system of Dujiacun Brigade. Shortly after Mao Zedong gave the instruction that "barefoot doctors are good", the Hubei Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China sent a survey report reflecting the cooperative medical care situation of Paradise Commune to the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC in 1968.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attached great importance to this experience. After sending personnel to verify this experience, he took the materials reflecting this experience to the rural areas in the suburbs of Beijing and organized farmers to hold two symposiums for discussion. On November 30, 1968, the relevant departments of the central government specially wrote a report to Mao Zedong. After reading the report, Mao Zedong was very happy. He repeatedly praised the cooperative medical system and immediately wrote four words on the report: "This will be done." Mao Zedong’s instruction is an affirmation of the rural cooperative medical system.

Since then, with the affirmation and support of Mao Zedong, barefoot doctors have been set up at the brigade level, and cooperative medical system has been established at the brigade level, which became a new thing in China at that time, and as the largest welfare system for hundreds of millions of farmers in China, it was established in China.

"Barefoot doctor" is a practitioner of "serving the people"

The "barefoot doctors" did not live up to Mao Zedong’s expectations. They live and work in the countryside, and treat the peasants. They are really practitioners of Mao Zedong’s call of "serving the people".

At that time, "barefoot doctors" were still farmers, living in the countryside and earning work points (subsidies also appeared in the form of work points), so farmers could afford them.

They are the villagers and are closely related to the local farmers. Even the educated youth are "barefoot doctors", they are also villagers, so farmers can use them. They don’t have good medical equipment in their hands, but they all carry a medicine box with simple medical instruments and medicines. Farmers are sick and on call, regardless of time, place and weather. When there are no patients, they work in the fields. "Put down the medicine box and go to the ground, take up the medicine box for home visits" is a vivid portrayal of "barefoot doctor".

But the "barefoot doctor" also has "two treasures": one is silver needle and the other is herbal medicine. "The cure depends on the silver needle, and the medicine is found in the mountains" is a jingle used by farmers to describe the work of "barefoot doctors" at that time. These two treasures, "barefoot doctors", are still effective in treating common diseases and don’t cost much, so they are welcomed by farmers. Therefore, "barefoot doctors" have become the patron saint of the health of farmers.

As the patron saint of farmers’ health, barefoot doctors should not only have certain medical knowledge, but also have a dedication to serve the people wholeheartedly. As long as one of the farmers is sick, the "barefoot doctor" will rush to the patient for treatment at the first time.

In grasslands and mountainous areas, you can often see "barefoot doctors" braving the wind and snow, climbing mountains and crossing rivers. Moreover, the rural areas in China were generally poor at that time, and the cooperative medical system established under such circumstances could only provide "barefoot doctors" with limited drugs, and all they had were general analgesic and anti-inflammatory injections, mercuric chloride, iodine and aspirin. In order to increase medicines for treating farmers and reduce their medical burden, they often go up the mountain to collect Chinese herbal medicines. In addition to these, the "barefoot doctor" also shoulders the task of health and epidemic prevention and health care for local farmers. In those days, the work of epidemic prevention and health care organized by the state involving the whole people was carried out by the "barefoot doctor" to farmers who accounted for 90% of the population. To this day, "thousands of families leave footprints, and medicine boxes smell of earth" is still the warmest memory of farmers in that era for "barefoot doctors".

Both "barefoot doctors" and cooperative medical care have had world influence.

In the early 1970s, China began to improve its relations with the West, and the story of "barefoot doctors" spread abroad, which had a great influence abroad. In 1969, the "Training Textbook for Barefoot Doctors (for Southern China)" mainly written by Huang Yuxiang was published.

In 1970, the Handbook of Barefoot Doctors compiled by Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine was published by Shanghai Publishing Revolution Group. These two books are clear, simple and practical, focusing on treating common diseases of farmers. They have not only become necessary teaching materials for barefoot doctors, but also attracted the attention of the international community. In particular, the Handbook of Barefoot Doctors not only has one copy for the "barefoot doctors" in the whole country, but also for doctors in regular hospitals for their reference when treating patients. Many ordinary people also buy reading to increase some medical knowledge, and compare it to understand the health of themselves and their families; Sick people also learn some treatments through it. Some people even say that "The Manual of Barefoot Doctors" was the book whose circulation was second only to "Quotations from Chairman Mao", which has some truth. After the publication of the Handbook of Barefoot Doctors, UNESCO translated it into more than 50 languages and distributed it all over the world. In today’s bookstores in many countries around the world, you can still see the English version of the Handbook of Barefoot Doctors.

Handbook of barefoot doctors

In 1972, several scholars from Stanford University in the United States filmed a 52-minute documentary entitled "Barefoot Doctors in Rural China" in China. This documentary truly recorded the situation that "barefoot doctors" in China used local materials, made drugs for common diseases in rural areas and used small silver needles to treat serious diseases. After the film was shown in many countries, it caused a strong response. It is this film that has pushed China’s "barefoot doctors" to the world and promoted the global "barefoot doctors fever in China".

In 1974, the World Health Assembly was held in Geneva. As a representative of "barefoot doctors" in China, Wang Guizhen attended the meeting and made a 15-minute speech at the meeting. In the process of attending the meeting, she personally felt people’s concern and love for "barefoot doctors" in China.

At the beginning of September, 1976, the 27th session of the Western Pacific Regional Committee of the World Health Organization and the Conference on Primary Health Care in the Pacific Region of the World Health Organization were held in Manila, the capital of the Philippines, attended by representatives from 33 countries and regions. China barefoot doctors and representatives of cooperative medical care Huang Yuxiang and Qin Xiangguan attended the meeting. At the meeting, Qin Xiangguan gave a report entitled "Rural Grassroots Health Work in China", and then answered questions from ministers of health of participating countries and major media reporters. Qin Xiangguan’s report and answers amazed all the people present at the meeting. They praised China for creating a miracle on earth.

Since then, "barefoot doctor" and "cooperative medical care" have become terms with angel meaning in the world. Until today, no matter what political views you hold, no matter what color you are, foreigners will give a thumbs-up whenever they hear "barefoot doctors" and "cooperative medical care".

In the early 1980s, with the implementation of the household contract responsibility system in China, agricultural business units were reduced to the size of families. The method of paying by work no longer exists, and it is difficult for barefoot doctors and cooperative medical care to survive. In early 1985,The Ministry of Health has decided to stop using the term "barefoot doctor". The original "barefoot doctor" will be assessed, and those who pass the examination will be recognized as rural doctors, and they can continue to practice medicine after obtaining medical qualifications. On January 25th, 1985, People’s Daily published the article "Stop using the name of" barefoot doctor "and consolidate the development of rural doctors". The "barefoot doctor" no longer exists, and the cooperative medical care that coexists with it has also disintegrated. At this point, "barefoot doctors" and "cooperative medical care" have become historical terms. However, it is undeniable that Mao Zedong’s anger in 1965 changed the long-term lack of medical care and medicine in rural areas of China, and it is still a warm memory of hundreds of millions of farmers for that era. It should also be affirmed that the spirit of serving the people wholeheartedly contained in Mao Zedong’s instructions in those years is still shining. In today’s realistic environment, the form of cooperative medical care between "barefoot doctors" and brigades certainly needs to keep pace with the times. In fact, many good practices, good experiences and even major experiences have been absorbed by the "new rural cooperative medical system" promoted by the central government and become an important part of the party and government’s policy of benefiting the people.

　　 　"According to the previous survey of school-age children in the jurisdiction, some schools have a high degree shortage due to the dense population distribution within the service scope and the growing population of new residential quarters. In 2023, they will face a situation beyond the existing degree acceptance capacity." In mid-June, the Education Bureau of Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province issued such a "degree warning", indicating that the scope of primary and secondary school enrollment will be appropriately adjusted. "School-age children in the district will be admitted in strict accordance with the batch order, and unacceptable students will be arranged by the District Education Bureau to enroll in other schools."

　　 　Entering the "enrollment season", school enrollment in the compulsory education stage affects the hearts of thousands of parents of prospective first-year students. With the seventh year of the implementation of the "two-child policy", the conduction effect brought by the "baby boom" is concentrated in this year’s primary school entrance. According to media reports, since the beginning of this year, Beijing, Guangzhou, Jinan, Dalian, Changchun, Qingdao and Chengdu have issued degree warnings for primary and secondary schools. Will this year be the "hardest year to enter school"? Behind the degree warning, how can all localities ensure that they are "close to school" and "eager to learn"? The reporter conducted an interview.

　　Large increment of school-age population and regional imbalance cause "degree shortage"

　　 　For some primary and secondary school students in Beilun District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, going to physical education class should be "upstairs" rather than "downstairs" — — Their playground was built on the roof.

　　 　"Not only the playground was built with fences on the roof, but also a runway was opened around the teaching building and next to the fence. Almost all the available open spaces have been developed into sports venues. " Liu Jie, chief of the Basic Education Section of the Education Bureau of this district, told the reporter that in order to increase the per capita exercise area, some schools had to "look around for space".

　　 　Behind the emergency move is the increasing number of local students and students. Liu Jie told reporters, "This year’s increment is the biggest. At least 1,000 new degrees should be added in the whole region. According to the maximum class size of no more than 45 students, more than 20 new classes have to be added."

　　 　The "peak" of the degree demand increase is not only reflected in the first-and second-tier cities in coastal developed areas. According to a material provided by the Education and Sports Bureau of Xihu District, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, with the implementation of the comprehensive two-child policy in 2016, the number of students enrolled in compulsory education in this district has shown a significant growth trend in 2022, and the number of students enrolled in 2023 will come from the year with the highest birth rate in the whole region, and the number of school-age children will reach a new high.

　　 　"The data shows that in September 2022, there were 6,652 students enrolled in primary schools and 2,240 students enrolled in junior high schools in Xihu District. The total number of students enrolled increased by 972 compared with 2021, and the number of students enrolled increased by 3,120 compared with 2021 (excluding municipal and private schools). Through the bottom-up analysis, the number of bottom-ups in 2023 increased by 1,282 compared with that in 2022 (excluding municipal and private schools). " According to the relevant person in charge, "according to the pre-judgment, there will be 7671 primary school-age children in this district this year."

　　 　In addition to the large increase of school-age students, the regional distribution of required degrees is uneven, which is another feature of the data. The reporter learned that the growth of school-age children and adolescents in Xihu District of Nanchang City in 2023 was bounded by Hongcheng Road, and the total amount of the old city and Chaoyangzhou area increased slightly, with the main growth concentrated in Hongcheng area and Chaoyang New City area south of Hongcheng Road. It can be seen that for the new city area, the degree shortage situation is more obvious.

　　 　"It is estimated that the school-age population of basic education in Ganzhou will gradually fall back after reaching the peak of 1.8 million in 2022, but the school-age population will quickly concentrate in cities," said Lai Zhengwen, deputy mayor of Ganzhou Municipal People’s Government of Jiangxi Province. "The proportion of students in county towns is 68.5%, which has exceeded the urbanization rate of 56.4%, and the gap in urban compulsory education degrees is about 200,000."

　　 　"Some areas appear ‘ Degree shortage ’ The problem may be related to the local education authorities and other relevant departments’ inaccurate prediction of the population birth rate and the demand for educational resources. " Wang Jianmin, a professor and doctoral supervisor at Beijing Normal University, said that due to factors such as economic and social development, new situations and new features such as increased mobility of school-age children have emerged, and the education authorities should make predictions and actively respond to changes in the demand for teaching resources.

　　Take multiple measures to dig up the stock and promote the increment, so as to ensure that we should live within our means.

　　 　"The situation was predicted a few years ago. This new wave was reflected in the number of kindergarten students three years ago, and then it will be transmitted to secondary schools step by step." Liu Jie said, "In this case, we will definitely give an early warning, or we must ensure that we should make every effort and enter the school nearby."

　　 　"According to estimates, Xihu District of Nanchang City can actually provide 7,965 degrees (according to 45 students/class) in 177 primary schools in 2023, which can generally meet the increase in the enrollment demand of school-age children and adolescents in the whole region in 2023. We are trying our best to recruit students at the peak of the enrollment population to ensure that every school-age child and teenager in the region can enter school normally." The relevant person in charge of Xihu District said.

　　 　Faced with the demand for new degrees with a large total amount and uneven geographical distribution, local initiatives are different. The common measure is to make full use of the new degree resources by properly adjusting the division of school districts. The reporter learned that there is a new campus west of Ziyu Road and south of Shuichang Road in Nanchang — — Ziyu Campus of Nanchang Zhanqian Road School Education Group will be delivered in the near future, and it will officially open in September. There are 36 classes in the campus, including 24 classes in primary schools, which can accommodate 1080 people. There are 12 classes in junior high school, which can accommodate 600 people. According to the arrangement, another 26 classrooms can be rebuilt and expanded in the campus, with the maximum capacity of 62 classes. It is estimated that 1,890 new degrees can be added in primary schools and 1,050 new degrees can be added in junior high schools.

　　 　"Through the previous field research, the campus has drawn up the corresponding school district division plan according to the degree it can provide and the degree demand. According to the specific geographical location of the campus and the principle of taking the main road as the boundary, the surrounding areas east of Taohua South Road, south of Shuichang Road, west of Zhenjun Road and north of Jiuzhou Street are designated as the school district scope, which can alleviate the degree shortage of Taohua Campus (formerly Taohua School) of Railway No.1 School Education Group." Yan Qianqian, deputy head of the Compulsory Education Unit of Xihu District Education and Sports Bureau, introduced.

　　 　Liu Jie said that private schools will take advantage of the opportunity of "changing from private schools to public schools" to allocate new degree resources to areas with tight degrees. "Private schools were originally enrolled for the whole region, and now the policy has been adjusted to block-oriented recruitment, which is supplemented to some public schools with tight resources in the school district. These schools have a good standard of running schools and ordinary people are willing to go. "

　　 　In addition to making good use of new resources, it is also the choice of many regions to fully tap the "stock". Faced with the increasing enrollment demand year by year, some schools in Chaoyang New Town in Nanchang have checked the existing teaching space and invited professionals to make planning and accounting. The results show that the increase in enrollment demand can be met by transforming the existing classrooms.

　　 　"The campus renovation project of OCT Campus of Zhanqian Road School Education Group is expected to renovate 27 classrooms and 14 offices, and 725 new degrees can be added; The whole campus classroom renovation project of Songbai School Education Group Chaoyang Campus is expected to renovate 29 classrooms, which can add 1,240 degrees. Relevant work will be implemented from July to August to ensure timely completion and ensure the smooth enrollment of the two schools in 2023. " The relevant person in charge said.

　　 　"Generally speaking, if local government departments do a good job in demand forecasting, they can solve it by increasing teaching classes without building new schools. For the substantial increase in the demand for educational resources, we can consider setting up a new school to deal with it. " Wang Jianmin analyzed.

　　Strengthen the forward-looking policy and reasonably respond to the changes in the demand for educational resources.

　　 　Liu Jie said that by recruiting more than 200 teachers in various subjects and conducting pre-job training in time, there are still ways to think about "software", "‘ Hardware ’ Short-term supply shortage is more realistic. The design scale of a school is certain. After increasing the number of classes, the area of playgrounds, toilets and canteens per capita will become tense. " Liu Jie said that at present, some schools can only improve the use efficiency by means of multiple rounds of dining, and alleviate the problem of insufficient space per capita.

　　 　"In recent years, Beilun District has made a comprehensive plan for the construction of basic education resources and laid out many schools. However, after all, a school has a long use cycle from new construction to investment, which may not keep up with the increase of students, and the configuration is still slightly lagging behind. " Liu Jie said that if the three large-scale schools can be put into use in succession in 2024-2025, the per capita tension will be fully relieved from next year to the year after. "A grade can add at least 1,000 degrees."

　　 　"While ensuring the supply of classrooms and ensuring the demand for admission, Xihu District will also do a good job in upgrading the hardware of each campus in the region, and strive to improve the conditions for running schools and build a quality campus." The person in charge said that the district adopts the strategy of "one chess game" in the whole district, ensures the scientific flow of teachers in the region through the two-way communication mechanism within and outside the group, reasonably selects new teachers for posts through personnel agents, increases teacher training, and ensures that full-time teachers in new degree schools are adequately equipped.

　　 　Wang Jianmin believes that in the short term, the problem of degree shortage in areas may have a certain impact on the teaching quality due to the expansion of class size, the addition of new classes and the introduction of new teachers. Various forces should be mobilized to solve it in time, with government departments leading, social forces supporting and parents actively cooperating. "Classrooms, multimedia, laboratories and other resources will have an impact, but the key is the shortage of high-quality teachers. Teachers’ teaching level and classroom management experience are scarce resources, which cannot be achieved overnight, and it takes time to accumulate and precipitate."

　　 　Then, with the decline of the number of people born after the "peak", will the new education and teaching resources be "idle"?

　　 　"From the data of kindergarten enrollment, we predict that there will definitely be a wave of decline in the next few years, but it will not drop anywhere." Liu Jie said that Beilun District of Ningbo is located in the coastal area, and its industrial base is mainly manufacturing, which is attractive to foreign population and its base will not drop too obviously. "Then with ‘ Peak ’ As time goes by, junior and senior high schools will have to supplement many resources; Now the state promotes the construction of a high-quality balanced area for compulsory education, and the number of primary school classes can be appropriately reduced; In addition, faculty and staff also retire naturally every year, which can basically maintain a relative balance. "

　　 　The reporter noted that the Opinions on Building a High-quality and Balanced Basic Public Education Service System issued by the Central Office and the State Council not long ago proposed that all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) should formulate standards for the allocation of urban compulsory education degrees, and cities and counties should rationally plan and guarantee sufficient construction land, strictly implement the regulations on the allocation of schools in new residential quarters, and speed up the expansion and expansion of urban schools.

　　 　"First, we must establish an early warning mechanism for resource allocation risks, and strengthen information integration, monitoring and early warning of population and education data; Second, we should optimize the distribution of educational resources according to the changes of school-age population and urban economic and social development, and make up for the gap in resource supply as a whole; Third, we should optimize the allocation of teachers’ resources and fully implement ‘ District Management School Appointment ’ Reform, through the combination of teacher preparation and government procurement services, timely supplement the shortage of subject teachers, strengthen the construction of high-school and consistent schools, and vigorously cultivate teachers with high-school and backwards compatibility ability to enhance the overall deployment ability. " Meng Hui, deputy mayor of Wuhan Municipal People’s Government, said.

　　 　"In short, the large-scale emigration or return of the population and the changes in the birth rate of newborns should be taken as an important basis for the education authorities to evaluate the changes in the demand for educational resources, and they should make judgments and plans and make timely adjustments to avoid them as much as possible ‘ Degree shortage ’ Or ‘ Excess degree ’ Situation. " Wang Jianmin proposed.

　　 　(Reporter Zhou Shixiang)

Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (2016) was promulgated a few days ago. The dietary guidelines for China residents were first published in 1989, and then revised twice in 1997 and 2007. This is the third revision. So, where is the new dietary guide for residents? How will it affect residents’ dietary choices and nutritional intake? Professor Qi Yumei, Vice Chairman of Clinical Nutrition Committee of China Nutrition Society, Director of China Nutrition Society and Director of Nutrition Department of the Third Central Hospital of this city, interpreted the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (2016).

Chinese people’s lack of nutrition and overnutrition coexist.　The new guide takes into account both challenges.

Qi Yumei said that all countries in the world will issue dietary guidelines formulated by governments and scientific groups. Dietary guide is based on the principles of nutrition science and the nutritional needs of human body, combined with the local food production and supply situation and people’s life practice, which is specially put forward for food selection and physical activities. Dietary guide is the basic document of the national public nutrition policy. Every article and sentence of it is based on a lot of scientific research, and it is the mainstream consensus of nutrition experts at home and abroad. It is highly scientific and instructive to residents, food processing and production enterprises, agricultural production, medical service and evaluation, and it is very important for the country to achieve public health management and goals.

The Report on Nutrition and Chronic Diseases of Residents in China (2015) shows that although the dietary energy supply of residents in China is sufficient and their physical development and nutritional status have generally improved, the dietary nutrition structure and disease spectrum of residents have changed in general, and they are facing the dual challenges of nutritional deficiency and overnutrition. This is manifested in the low consumption of beans and milk, excessive fat intake and malnutrition in some areas. The problems of overweight, obesity and high incidence of chronic diseases caused by overnutrition are prominent. The overweight rate of adults aged 18 and above in China is as high as 30.1%, the prevalence rate of hypertension is 25.2%, and the prevalence rate of diabetes is 9.7%, all of which show an obvious upward trend compared with 2002. Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (2016) is a revision of the old version of the dietary guidelines, which fully considers the current situation of nutrition and residents’ health in China, and combines many factors such as the eating habits of the Chinese nation and the accessibility of food in different regions.

Six core recommendations of the new edition guide　The adaptive population has expanded to over 2 years old.

The coverage of the new version of the guide has changed from 6 years old in 2007 to over 2 years old, which makes it clear that 2-year-old children should start a balanced diet lifestyle consistent with adults. The guide puts forward six core recommendations, which can meet the needs of human nutrition and health to the maximum extent.

Recommendation 1: Foods are diverse and cereals are the main food.

A balanced diet model is the basis for ensuring the nutritional needs and health of human body to the greatest extent, and food diversity is the basic principle of a balanced diet model. The new guidelines recommend that the daily diet should include cereals, vegetables and fruits, livestock, fish, eggs and milk, soybeans and nuts. Eat more than 12 kinds of food every day and more than 25 kinds every week on average. Eat 250-400g of cereals and potatoes every day, including 50-150g of whole grains and miscellaneous beans and 50-100g of potatoes.

Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the new version of the guide adheres to the "cereal-based" dietary pattern. Different from the old version, it separates cereals from potatoes and advocates eating some whole grains. In other words, you must eat staple food, and it should account for more than half of the total. A large number of scientific studies have proved that whole grains are beneficial to prevent diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, intestinal cancer and other cancers. Whole grains include rice, barley, corn, buckwheat, millet, brown rice, black rice, oats, sorghum and wheat grains.

Recommend 2 to eat a balanced healthy weight.

People of all ages should exercise every day and maintain a healthy weight. Eat too much, control the total energy intake and keep the energy balance. Adhere to daily physical activities, and carry out moderate-intensity physical activities for at least 5 days a week for more than 150 minutes; Active physical activity is best at 6000 steps a day. Reduce sedentary time and get up and move every hour.

Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the new guide refines the amount of physical activity, especially emphasizing that 6000 steps is the active movement of the body, which is a conscious physical activity based on daily steps, and does not include daily activity consumption, such as doing housework and mopping the floor. People who need to lose weight should exercise for more than 40 minutes.

It is recommended to eat more fruits, vegetables and dairy soybeans.

Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a balanced diet. Milk is rich in calcium and soybeans are rich in high-quality protein. There are vegetables in meals, and it is guaranteed to consume 300 to 500g of vegetables every day, and dark vegetables should account for 1/2. Eat fruit every day and ensure that you consume 200 to 350g of fresh fruit every day. Fruit juice cannot replace fresh fruit. Eating all kinds of dairy products is equivalent to 300g of liquid milk every day. Eat soy products regularly and nuts in moderation.

Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the recommendation of vegetable intake in the new guide has not changed significantly, but it is clearly stated that dark vegetables should account for more than half of the total vegetable intake. This is because dark vegetables contain more vitamins, especially β -carotene and other vitamins and minerals than light vegetables. In the 2007 edition of the guide, it is emphasized that the average daily fruit intake is 200-400g, which is reduced to 200-350g in the new edition. At the same time, it is particularly emphasized that the effect of juicing fruit is different from that of eating whole fresh fruit directly. Most dietary fiber is lost in fruit juice, which seriously affects its health care function. This guide reduced the recommended intake of soybeans and nuts from 30 to 50g to 25g of soybeans and 10g of nuts. This is because Chinese residents have consumed a lot of vegetable oil in their daily cooking. If they consume too much soybeans and nuts, they may consume too much fat.

It is recommended to eat fish, eggs and lean meat in moderation.

Eat 280-525g of fish, 280-525g of livestock and poultry meat and 280-350g of eggs every week, with an average daily intake of 120-200g. Give priority to fish and poultry. Eat eggs without discarding the yolk. Eat less fat, smoked and pickled meat products.

Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said, "Eating eggs without discarding yolk" is a very important difference between the new guide and the old guide, which means that the new guide no longer restricts the intake of dietary cholesterol. This is because the existing evidence can’t prove that there is a significant correlation between dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol, but only limits the saturated fatty acids that can enhance cholesterol synthesis ability, that is, the energy provided by saturated fatty acids intake does not exceed 10% of the total energy. You don’t have to throw away the yolk when eating eggs, because besides the terrible 200 mg cholesterol, the yolk also contains a variety of healthy nutrients and health-care ingredients, including 12 vitamins, various trace elements, and health-care ingredients such as lecithin, lutein and zeaxanthin. In addition, the new guidelines widen the intake of fish, poultry, eggs and lean meat to "weeks" in the recommendation of animal foods. This flexible diet not only pays attention to the total nutrient intake, but is more suitable for the life characteristics of modern residents with "fast pace of life and eating out more".

It is recommended to control sugar and alcohol with less salt and oil.

Cultivate light eating habits and eat less high-salt and fried foods. Adults should eat no more than 6g of salt and 25-30g of cooking oil every day. Control the intake of added sugar, and the daily intake should not exceed 50g, preferably below 25g. The daily intake of trans fatty acids should not exceed 2g. Drink plenty of water, 7 to 8 cups (1500 to 1700ml) per day for adults, and advocate drinking boiled water and tea; Do not drink or drink less sugary drinks. Children and adolescents, pregnant women and nursing mothers should not drink alcohol. If adults drink alcohol, the amount of alcohol consumed by men in a day should not exceed 25g, and that of women should not exceed 15g.

Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the new guidelines formally put forward "sugar control" for the first time, in which the restrictions on adding sugar are completely consistent with the recommendations of the World Health Organization in 2015, and it is recommended to control the sugar intake of children and adults below 10% of the total energy intake to prevent obesity, dental caries and other problems. This time, the problem of "adding sugar" was particularly emphasized in sugar control. This requires people to learn to read the nutritional composition table on food packaging. Usually, added sugar refers to sugar and syrup added to food or beverage when processing and preparing food, including sucrose (white sugar, granulated sugar, brown sugar), glucose, fructose (crystalline or amorphous), various syrups and so on. The low salt or sodium content of low-salt and low-sugar food must meet the conditions that the sodium content is less than or equal to 120mg/100g of solid food or liquid food. Low sugar is less than 5g/100g. This guide also puts forward new suggestions on drinking water. In the 2007 edition, it is emphasized that the average daily drinking water of the whole people should reach 1,200 ml, and the new edition should be raised to 1,500 ml to 1,700 ml, increasing the amount of a glass of water.

Recommendation 6 put an end to waste and promote new food

Cherish food, buy food as needed, prepare meals as needed, and advocate sharing meals without wasting. Choose fresh and hygienic food and suitable cooking methods. Learn to read food labels and choose food reasonably, and we should start from everyone. Go home for dinner, enjoy food and family ties, create and support a new civilized diet and social environment, inherit excellent diet culture, and establish a new healthy diet.

Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the bottom of Finland’s national diet pagoda is a scene of family dinner, and the new guide also emphasizes the humanistic concept of going home to eat and eating harmoniously. "Whether from the perspective of nutrition or family harmony, it is of great benefit to encourage people to go home to eat more." Qi Yumei said, "It is more in line with the requirements of civilized development to advocate the change of diet and customs. With the progress of the times and the improvement of living conditions, people should sublate and develop traditional eating habits. " (Zhao Jin)