Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (2016) was promulgated a few days ago. The dietary guidelines for China residents were first published in 1989, and then revised twice in 1997 and 2007. This is the third revision. So, where is the new dietary guide for residents? How will it affect residents’ dietary choices and nutritional intake? Professor Qi Yumei, Vice Chairman of Clinical Nutrition Committee of China Nutrition Society, Director of China Nutrition Society and Director of Nutrition Department of the Third Central Hospital of this city, interpreted the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (2016).
Chinese people’s lack of nutrition and overnutrition coexist. The new guide takes into account both challenges.
Qi Yumei said that all countries in the world will issue dietary guidelines formulated by governments and scientific groups. Dietary guide is based on the principles of nutrition science and the nutritional needs of human body, combined with the local food production and supply situation and people’s life practice, which is specially put forward for food selection and physical activities. Dietary guide is the basic document of the national public nutrition policy. Every article and sentence of it is based on a lot of scientific research, and it is the mainstream consensus of nutrition experts at home and abroad. It is highly scientific and instructive to residents, food processing and production enterprises, agricultural production, medical service and evaluation, and it is very important for the country to achieve public health management and goals.
The Report on Nutrition and Chronic Diseases of Residents in China (2015) shows that although the dietary energy supply of residents in China is sufficient and their physical development and nutritional status have generally improved, the dietary nutrition structure and disease spectrum of residents have changed in general, and they are facing the dual challenges of nutritional deficiency and overnutrition. This is manifested in the low consumption of beans and milk, excessive fat intake and malnutrition in some areas. The problems of overweight, obesity and high incidence of chronic diseases caused by overnutrition are prominent. The overweight rate of adults aged 18 and above in China is as high as 30.1%, the prevalence rate of hypertension is 25.2%, and the prevalence rate of diabetes is 9.7%, all of which show an obvious upward trend compared with 2002. Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (2016) is a revision of the old version of the dietary guidelines, which fully considers the current situation of nutrition and residents’ health in China, and combines many factors such as the eating habits of the Chinese nation and the accessibility of food in different regions.
Six core recommendations of the new edition guide The adaptive population has expanded to over 2 years old.
The coverage of the new version of the guide has changed from 6 years old in 2007 to over 2 years old, which makes it clear that 2-year-old children should start a balanced diet lifestyle consistent with adults. The guide puts forward six core recommendations, which can meet the needs of human nutrition and health to the maximum extent.
Recommendation 1: Foods are diverse and cereals are the main food.
A balanced diet model is the basis for ensuring the nutritional needs and health of human body to the greatest extent, and food diversity is the basic principle of a balanced diet model. The new guidelines recommend that the daily diet should include cereals, vegetables and fruits, livestock, fish, eggs and milk, soybeans and nuts. Eat more than 12 kinds of food every day and more than 25 kinds every week on average. Eat 250-400g of cereals and potatoes every day, including 50-150g of whole grains and miscellaneous beans and 50-100g of potatoes.
Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the new version of the guide adheres to the "cereal-based" dietary pattern. Different from the old version, it separates cereals from potatoes and advocates eating some whole grains. In other words, you must eat staple food, and it should account for more than half of the total. A large number of scientific studies have proved that whole grains are beneficial to prevent diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, intestinal cancer and other cancers. Whole grains include rice, barley, corn, buckwheat, millet, brown rice, black rice, oats, sorghum and wheat grains.
Recommend 2 to eat a balanced healthy weight.
People of all ages should exercise every day and maintain a healthy weight. Eat too much, control the total energy intake and keep the energy balance. Adhere to daily physical activities, and carry out moderate-intensity physical activities for at least 5 days a week for more than 150 minutes; Active physical activity is best at 6000 steps a day. Reduce sedentary time and get up and move every hour.
Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the new guide refines the amount of physical activity, especially emphasizing that 6000 steps is the active movement of the body, which is a conscious physical activity based on daily steps, and does not include daily activity consumption, such as doing housework and mopping the floor. People who need to lose weight should exercise for more than 40 minutes.
It is recommended to eat more fruits, vegetables and dairy soybeans.
Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a balanced diet. Milk is rich in calcium and soybeans are rich in high-quality protein. There are vegetables in meals, and it is guaranteed to consume 300 to 500g of vegetables every day, and dark vegetables should account for 1/2. Eat fruit every day and ensure that you consume 200 to 350g of fresh fruit every day. Fruit juice cannot replace fresh fruit. Eating all kinds of dairy products is equivalent to 300g of liquid milk every day. Eat soy products regularly and nuts in moderation.
Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the recommendation of vegetable intake in the new guide has not changed significantly, but it is clearly stated that dark vegetables should account for more than half of the total vegetable intake. This is because dark vegetables contain more vitamins, especially β -carotene and other vitamins and minerals than light vegetables. In the 2007 edition of the guide, it is emphasized that the average daily fruit intake is 200-400g, which is reduced to 200-350g in the new edition. At the same time, it is particularly emphasized that the effect of juicing fruit is different from that of eating whole fresh fruit directly. Most dietary fiber is lost in fruit juice, which seriously affects its health care function. This guide reduced the recommended intake of soybeans and nuts from 30 to 50g to 25g of soybeans and 10g of nuts. This is because Chinese residents have consumed a lot of vegetable oil in their daily cooking. If they consume too much soybeans and nuts, they may consume too much fat.
It is recommended to eat fish, eggs and lean meat in moderation.
Eat 280-525g of fish, 280-525g of livestock and poultry meat and 280-350g of eggs every week, with an average daily intake of 120-200g. Give priority to fish and poultry. Eat eggs without discarding the yolk. Eat less fat, smoked and pickled meat products.
Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said, "Eating eggs without discarding yolk" is a very important difference between the new guide and the old guide, which means that the new guide no longer restricts the intake of dietary cholesterol. This is because the existing evidence can’t prove that there is a significant correlation between dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol, but only limits the saturated fatty acids that can enhance cholesterol synthesis ability, that is, the energy provided by saturated fatty acids intake does not exceed 10% of the total energy. You don’t have to throw away the yolk when eating eggs, because besides the terrible 200 mg cholesterol, the yolk also contains a variety of healthy nutrients and health-care ingredients, including 12 vitamins, various trace elements, and health-care ingredients such as lecithin, lutein and zeaxanthin. In addition, the new guidelines widen the intake of fish, poultry, eggs and lean meat to "weeks" in the recommendation of animal foods. This flexible diet not only pays attention to the total nutrient intake, but is more suitable for the life characteristics of modern residents with "fast pace of life and eating out more".
It is recommended to control sugar and alcohol with less salt and oil.
Cultivate light eating habits and eat less high-salt and fried foods. Adults should eat no more than 6g of salt and 25-30g of cooking oil every day. Control the intake of added sugar, and the daily intake should not exceed 50g, preferably below 25g. The daily intake of trans fatty acids should not exceed 2g. Drink plenty of water, 7 to 8 cups (1500 to 1700ml) per day for adults, and advocate drinking boiled water and tea; Do not drink or drink less sugary drinks. Children and adolescents, pregnant women and nursing mothers should not drink alcohol. If adults drink alcohol, the amount of alcohol consumed by men in a day should not exceed 25g, and that of women should not exceed 15g.
Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the new guidelines formally put forward "sugar control" for the first time, in which the restrictions on adding sugar are completely consistent with the recommendations of the World Health Organization in 2015, and it is recommended to control the sugar intake of children and adults below 10% of the total energy intake to prevent obesity, dental caries and other problems. This time, the problem of "adding sugar" was particularly emphasized in sugar control. This requires people to learn to read the nutritional composition table on food packaging. Usually, added sugar refers to sugar and syrup added to food or beverage when processing and preparing food, including sucrose (white sugar, granulated sugar, brown sugar), glucose, fructose (crystalline or amorphous), various syrups and so on. The low salt or sodium content of low-salt and low-sugar food must meet the conditions that the sodium content is less than or equal to 120mg/100g of solid food or liquid food. Low sugar is less than 5g/100g. This guide also puts forward new suggestions on drinking water. In the 2007 edition, it is emphasized that the average daily drinking water of the whole people should reach 1,200 ml, and the new edition should be raised to 1,500 ml to 1,700 ml, increasing the amount of a glass of water.
Recommendation 6 put an end to waste and promote new food
Cherish food, buy food as needed, prepare meals as needed, and advocate sharing meals without wasting. Choose fresh and hygienic food and suitable cooking methods. Learn to read food labels and choose food reasonably, and we should start from everyone. Go home for dinner, enjoy food and family ties, create and support a new civilized diet and social environment, inherit excellent diet culture, and establish a new healthy diet.
Expert analysis: Qi Yumei said that the bottom of Finland’s national diet pagoda is a scene of family dinner, and the new guide also emphasizes the humanistic concept of going home to eat and eating harmoniously. "Whether from the perspective of nutrition or family harmony, it is of great benefit to encourage people to go home to eat more." Qi Yumei said, "It is more in line with the requirements of civilized development to advocate the change of diet and customs. With the progress of the times and the improvement of living conditions, people should sublate and develop traditional eating habits. " (Zhao Jin)